Insanity in The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe Essay -- The Tell-T

Edgar Allen Poes The Tell Tale sum of money is a short story about how a instruction executioners conscience overtakes him and whether the vote counter is insane or if he suffers from over acuteness of the senses. Poe suggests the fabricator is insane by the narrators claims of sanity, the narrators actions bring out the narrative irony of the story, and the narrator is insane according to the definition of insanity as it applies to The Tell Tale Heart.First, Poe suggests the narrator is insane by his assertions of sanity. For example, the narrator declares because he planned the murder so expertly he could non be insane. He says, Now this is the point. You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. But you should have seen how wisely I proceeded-with what caution-with what foresight-with what dissimulation I went to work In addition, every night at midnight the narrator slowly went into the room of the doddery man. He claims this was done so wisely that he could not be insane. The na rrator thinks that if a murder is carefully planned then the murderer is not insane. Also, the narrator claims he suffers from over acuteness of the senses. Regarding the sound of the old mans beating heart, the narrator says, And now have I not told you that what you mistake for madness is but over-acuteness of the senses? --now, I say, there came to my ears a low dull, quick sound, much(prenominal) as a watch makes when enveloped in cotton. The narrator claims he is not imagining the sound but he is hearing it because his senses are so sharp. The narrator believes he is justified in killing the old man because the man has an Evil Eye. The narrator claims the old mans eye made his blood run polar and the eye looked as if it belonged to a vulture. Poe shows the narrator is insane... ...arly shows that the narrator is insane because he heard noises, which could not possibly have occurred. As the police officers were sitting and talk in the old mans chamber, the narrator becomes p aranoid that the officers suspect him of murder. The narrator says, I could bear those hypocritical smiles no longer I felt that I mustiness scream or die. The narrator is deluded in thinking the officers knew of his crime because his insanity makes him paranoid. In conclusion, Poe shows the insanity of the narrator through the claims of the narrator as to wherefore he is not insane, the actions of the narrator bring out the narrative irony of the story, and the character of the narrator fits the definition of insanity as it applies to The Tell Tale Heart. The Tell Tale Heart is a story about how insanity can overtake someones mind and cause one to behave irrationally.

The Importance of Being Earnest Essay -- Literary Analysis

Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest is a timeless comedy of manners in which 2 young, light-hearted men, pretend their names are Ernest in a bid to impress their love interests, who both believe the name Ernest bestows magical qualities on the possessor. Throughout the play, Wilde uses a mix of social drama, melodrama and farce to appeal to the audience. Through his gentle use of parody Wilde is able to ridicule his contemporaries and attack the values and attitudes of Victorian society, such as wealth, hierarchy, respectability, morality and self- interest. Via satirical dialogue and dramatic irony Wilde is able to reveal the moral hypocrisy at the heart of the Victorian era. The title The importance of being Earnest places an ironical importance on a plot about men leading double lives, lying to family and friends about their private lives, so they can take trips away and do the things they really want to do. Both sea dog and Algernon lead a double life, a life separat e from their family and friends Jack uses his imaginary br different Ernest to escape his life in the country. Whilst Algernon uses his imaginary friend Bunbury to escape social gatherings, suggesting that both men find the stresses of society and their lives extremely restrictive, and in order to escape the constraints of society they must lie or deceive. Via his play Wilde claims that the majority of Victorian society wears some sort of social mask. Many critics turn in argued that each character depicted in the play is an extension of Wilde himself, and that Algernon and Jacks double life represent Wildes own alter self-importance which hid his homosexuality and many of his illicit affairs from a society that frowned upon homosexual acts. Through his p... ...being Earnest and other plays page 325 http//www.shmoop.com/importance-of-being-earnest/writing-style.html Oscar wilde the importance of being earnest and other plays page 304 http//www.thefreedictionary.com/earnest http//www.sparknotes.com/lit/earnest/themes.htmlDonohue and Berggren 1995, p.281 http//www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/111841-The-Title-The-Importance-Being-Earnest.aspx Kumaraditya Sarkar York notes, the importance of being earnest, pg. 6 The importance of being earnest and other plays Page 297http//www.gradesaver.com/the-importance-of-being-earnest/study-guide/about/ 22/04/2012http//sexualityinart.wordpress.com/2009/02/27/the-importance-of-being-earnest-a-comedy-of-manners-and-culture-revealing-double-lives-and-universal-truths/ 6/04/2012http//dreamhawk.com/inner-life/the-importance-of-being-earnest/ 6/04/2012

Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Essay -- essays research papers fc

Literary Criticism of Fahrenheit 451Dont worry, be adroit, or at least thats what everyone in Ray Bradburys book Fahrenheit 451 thought. No matter what was going on around them, war, crime, or death, they were al miens apt Or were they? Ray Bradbury wrote books ab bring out censorship in society forming around being censored totally or partially from books and television. In Fahrenheit 451 the primary(prenominal) character, Montag, is a fireman whose job it is to burn books to keep the public from reading then and coming up with their own thoughts and ideas and non the ideas that the government puts in their heads. guile he is burning books one day he opens one to read it and becomes obsessed with reading books. He turns on his fire chief and burns him, and goes to bouncy with people who also read books and memorize them so that they can be reprinted then society is ready for them again. Three people that show that they are smart on the outside but are non truly happy are Mo ntag, Mildred and Mrs. Phelps. In the story, Montag, who is a fireman for the city thinks he is happy until he meets a neighbor girl named Clarisse. Clarisse is considered an oddball in the society of Fahrenheit 451 because she is antisocial in their demesne which actually means that she is social by like a shots standards. She talks to people about things instead of the people of 451 who talk about meaningless things that have no substance. Peter Sesario says thats she is considered to be this way because, She was a sensitive, observant person who questioned society and was consequently eliminated by the government (3).One day as Montag and Clarisse are walking down the street Clarisse says to Montag, atomic number 18 you Happy?(10). Montag is speechless and before he could come up with and answer Clarisse is gone. As he enters his house he talks to himself, Of course Im happy. What does she think? Im non?(10) When he is saying this he looks up to the ceiling where he has Hidde n books which are things that actually make him happy instead of the things around him which he thinks makes him happy. She also notices that when Montag laughs it is a fake laugh and that he doesnt really mean it when he laughs. Also when he smiles it is not a real smile which further goes to show that he isnt happy.Another character that seems like she is happy but really is n... ...racter other than Montag who sees for herself that she is not actually happy. Three of the main characters in this story who you may think are happy in the beginning of the book but you figure out how unhappy they really are by reading into the book are Montag, Mildred, and Mrs. Phelps. Montag is one of the few people in the book who actually realizes that he is not happy towards the end of the novel. Mildred never realizes what happiness really is and ends up leaving Montag because of her inability to grasp what happiness is really about. Mrs. Phelps, who finally realizes that she is not happy, gets mad at Montag when he shows her that she is not happy and does not appreciate the good that he has done in her life by showing her that she is a very flint person. Even though the people in Fahrenheit 451 live by the saying, dont worry be happy, no one in the 451 world is actually happy at all. Works CitedEller, E. Edward. Fahrenheit 451. 1998. Exploring Novels. Ed. Ray Bradbury. Detroit Gale, 2004. 3-4Sisario, Peter. Fahrenheit 451. 1970. English Journal. Ray Bradbury. Literature Resource Center, 2004. 4Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York Ballantine Books, 1953

Akbar and Aurangzeb’s Policies Essay -- South Asia History, War

During the early modern period in South Asia, diverse communities interacted and clashed. This also meant that rulers and their policies also clashed one another. The cardinal greatest leader of the Mughal Empire, Akbar and Aurangzebs policies went back and forth. Whereas Akbar had to take over the throne at an early age of thirteen, Aurangzeb had to fight and go against his own family members to gain the throne. Akbar began his leading at a young age that he was never able to learn how to read or write and remained illiterate throughout life. Even though his grandfather and father were well educated, Akbar had great intellectual capacity that helped him rule the empire. During his first year of his reign, Akbar was faced with a challenge by a Hindi usurper, Hemu who almost succeeded in putting an end to the Mughal rules (Kulke, Rothermund 142). Despite being a Muslim, he did not force his religion on the people, they remained Hindus throughout his reign (Kulke, Rothermund 143). D uring Akbars reign, Islam was spreading throughout Southeast Asia. During this period, Akbar abolished the jizya, which was a poll tax which Islamic rulers imposed on all non-Islamic subjects. He conceived himself as giving laws rather than hardly following Islamic laws (Kulke, Rothermund 143). To keep the unity of his empire, Akbar had to adopt programs that won the loyalty of the non-Islamic population. By allowing his people to stay Hindu and trying not to convince them to Islam was a key point because it allowed him to give people their own freedom and it allowed him to gain his leadership. The Mughal Empire was an agrarian state, which depended on land revenue also known as land survey. It directly depended on the accurate assessment of the ... ...em against their Muslim colleagues (SarDesai, 177). Why would a ruler of his own people want to use a indemnity against his own people? Doesnt that inform people that something is not right with the ruler of the empire?Akbar emer ged as the leader of the rajputs whereas Aurangzeb kicked the rajputs out of nobility. Akbar was a great attach who expanded his empire through diplomacy. By abolishing the jizya, it was easier for him to win the hearts of India. On this matter, people hated Aurangzeb and did not give him any respect for brining the jizya and other policies. Aurangzebs reign was marred by the destruction of temples and a general intolerance toward people of non- Muslim. He failed to realized the secular basis of Akbars polity was yet not a matter of political tact. The secular basis was to form a peaceful and progressive polity in a plural society.

Free Essays - A Personal Utopia in Brave New World :: Brave New World

A Personal UtopiaAn Analysis of a Key Passage in brazen New World The key passage of Aldous Huxleys Brace New World takes place after John has been arrested and is a conversation with Mond. When John and Mond speak of ideal societies, a major part of Brave New World, the aspect of human nature which makes us search continuously for our personal Utopia, becomes apparent. In Monds study, the sacrifices each character makes in order to bump a Utopia are interconnected. The search for a personal Utopia reveals Huxleys view on human nature of sacrificing everything to live with self-fulfillment.The connection of the sacrifices each character makes is shown in the study, helping the reader understand that it is human nature to sacrifice something to live a more fulfilling life. One sees that all, except Helmholtz and John, are willing to give up an important part of them so they can feel fulfilled. Mond is willing to sacrifice the one thing dearest to him- science. He says he gave it up in look forward to of Controllership. He got what he paid for by continuing his interest in science, By choosing to serve happiness. Other peoples-not mine. 235, or by serving constancy instead of collapsing the fragile affable structure. At the beginning, Bernard was willing to give up his position in the new world so he could further his studies in determination a society more suited to his needs but, in the end, he did not want to give up his rank and failed in finding an ideal society. It becomes apparent that anyone who will not give up a major part of themself will fail in their quest for a greater society. John is not willing to give up anything, be it antiques to happiness. In the end, however, he ended up making the ultimate sacrifice- his life. By ending his life, he escaped into what his societys religion believed to be a Utopia it is better known as heaven. Meanwhile, Helmholtz is able to somewhat adapt to any surronding and makes the sacrifices as needed, that is t he soil he was not biased to any other cultures. There are still faults in his beliefs, thanks to hynopaedia. Helmholtz cannot understand Othello, he is not accustomed to the social inability the book thrives on. He was still by far the most able, and willing, to understand Johns society.

Free Essays - A Personal Utopia in Brave New World :: Brave New World

A Personal UtopiaAn Analysis of a Key Passage in die hard New World The key passage of Aldous Huxleys Brace New World takes place after John has been arrested and is a conversation with Mond. When John and Mond speak of ideal societies, a major part of Brave New World, the aspect of human nature which makes us search continuously for our personal Utopia, becomes apparent. In Monds study, the sacrifices each character makes in order to fix a Utopia are interconnected. The search for a personal Utopia reveals Huxleys view on human nature of sacrificing everything to live with self-fulfillment.The connection of the sacrifices each character makes is shown in the study, helping the reader understand that it is human nature to sacrifice something to live a more fulfilling life. One sees that all, except Helmholtz and John, are willing to give up an important part of them so they can feel fulfilled. Mond is willing to sacrifice the one thing dearest to him- science. He says he gave it up in apprehend of Controllership. He got what he paid for by continuing his interest in science, By choosing to serve happiness. Other peoples-not mine. 235, or by serving perceptual constancy instead of collapsing the fragile brotherly structure. At the beginning, Bernard was willing to give up his position in the new world so he could further his studies in determination a society more suited to his needs but, in the end, he did not want to give up his rank and failed in finding an ideal society. It becomes apparent that anyone who will not give up a major part of themself will fail in their quest for a greater society. John is not willing to give up anything, be it antiques to happiness. In the end, however, he ended up making the ultimate sacrifice- his life. By ending his life, he escaped into what his societys religion believed to be a Utopia it is better known as heaven. Meanwhile, Helmholtz is able to somewhat adapt to any surronding and makes the sacrifices as needed, t hat is the power he was not biased to any other cultures. There are still faults in his beliefs, thanks to hynopaedia. Helmholtz cannot understand Othello, he is not accustomed to the social inability the book thrives on. He was still by far the most able, and willing, to understand Johns society.

Comparisim of Sanitation Facilities Within Informal Settlements

COMPARISON OF LOW court SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES PROVIDED TO INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS Mthunzi Rubuluza (Fill your flesh in under Prep be, Properties, medico Properties, Advanced and update this field) Student Number 200732536 A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, p either Peninsula University of Technology, mantle Town, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the BTech Degree in urbane Engineering Cape Town 23 September 2011 Declaration I, Mthunzi Rubuluza decl atomic number 18 that this research dissertation is my own unaided work. It is being submitted for the BTech Degree at Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town.It has non been submitted before for any degree or examination in any other University. _______________________________________________ (Signature) Signed in Cape Town this _____________ day of ______________________ 2011 Abstract The influx of migrants to cities is placing a huge burden to understructure economy in the westward C ape. This burden air currents to the unavoidableness for shelter and that in turn heart and soul that visit is invaded illeg all(prenominal)y. The population now creates in fermental colonys. The rise of promiscuous firmness of purposes leads to the miss of basic infrastructure much(prenominal)(prenominal) as piss system and sanitisation.The surroundingsal impact increases identical pollution and that increases valet health and gives rise to air-b unmatched disease. As a ensue large number tend to up put on untied fields to defecate, illegal dumping, discharge of untreated waste water into wrong streams. The respectable range of good options for providing adequate basic sanitization is still non widely known nor argon the characteristics of the different options well understood. In particular, there is little appreciation of the dour-term financial, environmental and institutional implications of operating and maintaining the unhomogeneous sanitisation administrations.As a result, in many cases communities and local dictatements ar choosing technical options that, in the long term, are unaffordable and/or unsustainable. Challenges arise from the wide range of options available and the differing environments and conditions to which to each superstar is fit. On-site sanitisation is the main form of excreta electric pig in nearly sub-Saharan Afri great deal cities and ordaining remain the intimately take away aim of service for the urban poor in the medium term. Despite heavy public investment in privyage systems in most primary and some secondary cities, typically only 10-15% of the urban population benefit from access to the sewer network.About 80% of the urban population depends on on-site facilities such as abscessed tanks and pit latrines which, unlike sewers, are usually the responsibility of households. Acknowledgements I would like to humbly acknowledge ein truth consistency who supported me with prayers an d encouragement My supervisor, Mr. C. Muanda, convey you for your mentorship and guidance The group members for the support they gave me when hope was gone. My friends who opened up their house for me to become a battleground theater My Family, thank you for your guidance and teachings My dear wife, I love you, thank you for being there for me, supporting me andMostly to my God, thank you Father for giving me strength e real day knock back of Contents Page Declarationii Abstractiii Acknowledgementsiv circuit board of Contentsv List of locomote windsviii List of Tablesix List of Symbolsx Terms and conceptsxi Chapter 1Introduction1 1. 1Background and Motivation1 1. 2Research problem1 1. 3Research Question1 1. 4 accusings and outcomes2 1. 5Significance2 1. 6Delineation2 1. 7Assumptions2 1. 8Methodology2 1. 9Organisation of dissertation3 Chapter 2Literature review and theory4 2. 1Introduction4 2. 2Purpose of sanitization Technologies4 2. 2. 1Planning Principles for sanitization F acilities4 . 3Selection of Appropriate sanitisation Technologies6 2. 3. 1Low cost sanitisation engineering6 2. 3. 2Institutional technologies for sanitization6 2. 4Mobile Communal sanitisation Facilities7 2. 4. 1Types of Mobile Communal sanitisation Facilities7 2. 4. 2Wet system7 2. 5Operational Requirements8 2. 5. 1Dry system8 2. 6Implementation Challenges in southwestern Africa8 2. 6. 1Implementation Challenges at Provincial level9 2. 6. 2Implementation Challenges at City level9 2. 6. 3Implementation challenges at heart community of interests and household level9 2. 7Types of sanitization Facilities10 2. 7. 1Improved sanitization facilities10 . 7. 2 scrub sanitization facilities10 2. 7. 3Unimproved sanitization (bucket system)10 2. 7. 4Improved sanitation (Septic tank)10 2. 8On-site sanitation11 2. 9Off-site sanitation11 2. 10Sanitation Guidelines for End-substance abuser11 2. 11Planning and Design for Sanitation by Local Authorities12 2. 11. 1Implementation process during planning12 2. 12Sanitation furnish Policy12 2. 13Costs13 2. 13. 1Cost on versatile levels13 2. 14Conclusion13 2. 15References15 Chapter 3Research methodology16 3. 1Research human body16 3. 2Research methodology16 3. 2. 1Data16 3. 2. 2Data Collection16 3. 2. 3Research Equipment17 . 3Methodology17 3. 3. 1Objective 1 To investigate available sanitation technologies provided to daily settlement from operational, design, precaution and cost. 17 3. 3. 2Objective 218 3. 3. 3Objective 3 Selection of the commensurate option18 3. 4Semi Structured Interviews19 Chapter 4Discussion20 4. 1Types of Sanitation Technologies20 4. 1. 1Dry outhouses20 4. 1. 2MobiSan (Mobile Sanitation)21 4. 1. 3Conservancy tank21 4. 1. 4VIP (Ventilated Improved Pit)22 4. 2On-site Sanitation22 4. 2. 1Pour flush slabs22 4. 2. 2Communal or shared technologies23 4. 2. 3Septic Tank24 4. 3Design24 4. Manufactures Cost25 4. 4. 1MobiSan toilets25 4. 4. 2Pre-cast toilets25 4. 5Photographs25 Figure 4. 1 Cluster of comm unal toilets26 4. 6STATS SA26 4. 6. 1Population census 200126 Chapter 5Discussion28 5. 1Sanitation Technology Options28 5. 2Operation and Maintenance29 5. 3Selection of an Appropriate Technology30 5. 3. 1Key issues raised for selection appropriate technology30 5. 4Sanitation homework Approach31 5. 4. 1Supply driven sanitation31 5. 4. 2Demand driven sanitation31 5. 5Performance of these Sanitation Facilities31 There is non enough space due to the density of the settlements. 40 5. Guidelines and Policy42 5. 6. 1Strategy for Sanitation Services to In white-tie Settlements42 5. 6. 2Costing Guideline for Sanitation Facilities42 5. 7Basic Sanitation Policy Principles44 1. Sanitation moldiness respond to the demands of communities and should link to improved hygiene awareness. For people to benefit from sanitation improvements, everybody must understand the link amid their own health, good hygiene and toilet facilities. 44 2. Communities must be fully involved in projects. DWAF is only the regulator. Citizens go for rights but to a fault responsibilities in taking charge of their own health. 4 3. Sanitation must be provided in conjunction with water add and other municipal run. 44 4. Sanitation is more than just toilets it must be accompanied by environmental and health education. 44 5. Access to basic sanitation is a human right. 44 6. Local g all overnment has the constitutional responsibility to provide access to sanitation run. 44 7. Scarce public funds must be prioritised to help those most at risk. 44 8. Limited national funds should be fairly distributed throughout the country. 44 9. peeing has an economic value and must be saved through sanitation. 44 10.Polluters must pay to clean up the water and the environment they have polluted. 44 11. Sanitation must be financially sustainable. 44 12. The environment must be protected when sanitation systems are set up and run. 44 5. 7. 1What will the Basic Household Policy Achieve? 44 CHAPTER 6 Recommendation a nd Conclusion45 References47 Appendices48 Appendix A. Questionnaire for users48 List of Figures Page Body Figure 2. 1 adjudicate Figure CaptionError Bookmark non defined. Figure 2. 2 Replace this schoolbook with your own supply dont close up to cite reference if appropriate dont change figure come uping or subtitle moodErrorBookmark not defined. Figure 2. 3 Replace this text with your own caption dont forget to cite reference if appropriate dont change figure numbering or caption styleError Bookmark not defined. Figure 2. 4 Replace this text with your own caption dont forget to cite reference if appropriate dont change figure numbering or caption style these are Blue Hills dont put them or Blue Sky stuff in your dissertation. (Name, 2007)Error Bookmark not defined. Figure 3. 1 try Figure CaptionError Bookmark not defined. Figure 4. 1 standard Figure CaptionError Bookmark not defined. Figure 4. 2Sample figure and figure caption (Name, year)Error Bookmark not defined. Figure 4. 3 Sample figure and figure caption. Make sure figure is big enough to read easily not like this one (Name, year)Error Bookmark not defined. Appendices Figure A. 1 Sample appurtenance figure caption48 Figure A. 2 Sample appendix figure caption48 Figure B. 1 Sample appendix figure captionError Bookmark not defined. Figure B. 2 Sample appendix figure captionError Bookmark not defined. Figure C. 1 Sample appendix figure caption49 Figure C. 2 Sample appendix figure captionError Bookmark not defined. Figure D. 1 Sample appendix figure caption49Figure D. 2 Sample appendix figure caption49 Figure D. 3 Sample appendix figure caption49 List of Tables Page Body Table 4. 1Replace this text and table with your own dont forget to cite reference if appropriate dont change table numbering or caption styleError Bookmark not defined. Table 4. 2 Sample Table (note use of repeated header as table split across page only split if it cant be avoided) (Name, year)Error Bookmark not defined. Table 4. 3Replace this text and table with your own dont forget to cite reference if appropriate dont change table numbering or caption style (Name, year)Error Bookmark not defined.Appendices Table A. 1 Example Appendix table caption (Name, year)Error Bookmark not defined. Table A. 2 Another appendix table example48 Table A. 3 Example Appendix table caption (Name, year)48 Table A. 4 Another appendix table example48 Table B. 1 Example Appendix table caption (Name, year)Error Bookmark not defined. Table B. 2 Another appendix table exampleError Bookmark not defined. Table B. 3 Example Appendix table caption (Name, year)Error Bookmark not defined. Table B. 4 Another appendix table exampleError Bookmark not defined. Table C. 1 Example Appendix table caption (Name, year)ErrorBookmark not defined. Table C. 2 Another appendix table example49 Table C. 3 Example Appendix table caption (Name, year)49 Table C. 4 Another appendix table example49 Table D. 1 Example Appendix table caption (Name , year)49 Table D. 2 Another appendix table example49 Table D. 3 Example Appendix table caption (Name, year)49 Table D. 4 Another appendix table example49 List of Symbols Constants ab aloofness between mid-chord and springlike axis(mm) B Airfoil half-chord(mm) C none-dimensional distance between airfoil mid-chord and nonplus hinge line(-) U Free stream velocity(m/s) W Flexure width(mm) X Distance along span(mm) x? Non-dimensional distance between airfoil pitch axis and airfoil cg(-) x? Non-dimensional distance between flap hinge axis and flap cg(-) Greek letters ? Pitch angle (rad) ? Flap angle (rad) Commanded flap angle (rad) ? Tensile stress (MPa) ? Shear stress (MPa) ? Flutter frequency in (rad/s) Subscripts/superscripts A Aerodynamic H Related to plunge degree of immunity ? Related to pitch degree of freedom ? Related to flap degree of freedom S Structural W Wing T Flutter frequency in (rad/s) Terms and conceptsVIP Ventilated Improvement Pit UDS Urine Diversion form Eco San Ecological Sanitation MCSF Mobile Community Sanitation Facility MO municipal Officer IS Informal Settlement MobiSan Mobile Sanitation AB Ablution close off Introduction The main objective of a sanitation system is to protect and promote human health by providing a clean environment and suspension the cycle of disease. In value to be sustainable a sanitation system has to be not only economically viable, socially acceptable and technically and institutionally appropriate, but it should also protect the environment and the instinctive picks.When improving an alive and/or designing a new sanitation system, sustainability criteria related to the sideline aspects should be considered, health, includes the risk of exposure to pathogens and savage substances that could affect public health at all points of the sanitation system from the toilet via the collection and treatment system to the point of reuse or organization. This books review cover s typewrites of sanitation, characteristics of sanitation, sanitation provision policy, criteria for selection of sanitation, conclusion. Background and MotivationThe influx of migrants to cities is placing a huge burden to infrastructure delivery in the western sandwich Cape. This burden leads to the quest for shelter and that in turn means that land is invaded illegally. The population now creates informal settlements. The rise of informal settlements leads to the omit of basic infrastructure such as water and sanitation. The environmental impact increases like pollution and that increases human health and gives rise to air-bone disease. As a result people tend to use open fields to defecate, illegal dumping, discharge of untreated waste water into wrong streams.Informal settlements by their nature are instead an densely populated and access through the settlement is quite hard. Basic services are larking due to the fact there are no structures that govern the raise of settle ments and the consider to deliver basic sanitation services increases. There is a huge need to analyse which technology functions within the limits experienced in informal settlements. Research problem The influx of migrants from rural region impoverished and densely populated areas in southeastward Africa towards prosperous regions is creating immense pressures on the existing infrastructure.The conditions of life to informal settlements tend to be poor, with low mobility, and difficult access to health, education, recreation and sanitation. Informal settlements are created without planning and basic infrastructure. Due to the large number of sanitation technologies available and dynamic of these informal settlements, the choice of suitable and sustainable sanitation technology is of utmost importance. Currently, sanitation services provided are not authorized by settlers. Where it is supplied, it is vandalised or misuse.This results in unnecessary pressure on decision makers t o provide adequate sanitation and loss of investment. Research Question Which is the most applicatory low cost sanitation technology that can be provided for informal settlements in the westerly Cape? Objectives and outcomes The aim of this work is to investigate the existing sanitation technologies provided to informal settlements in the Western Cape. To investigate available sanitation technologies provided in informal settlement (Cape Flats) technology by outlying, (advantages & disadvantages) from operational, design, maintenance and cost perspective.To classify the types of sanitation according to the characteristics ( ironical or wet sanitation individual or communal). To select the most suitable sanitation options. Recommend the most suitable option. A asker will be used to find view points of the community within informal settlements. Operational costs and Structural costs per unit Significance This paper intends to provide a Better Understanding of sanitation facilities within the Western Cape within informal settlements and to compare the cost implications of such facilities. DelineationThis study will focus only on the sanitation facilities within informal settlements in the Western Cape. The research will compare sanitation facilities provided for highly serviced areas within the Western Cape and the design for formal settlements will be mentioned. Assumptions The expected results of the study are as follow An overview of sanitation technologies provided to informal settlements Outline key criteria used for selecting the area for the technology Provide a cost effective sanitation technology for informal settlements MethodologyThere will be three (3) informal settlements around the Western Cape that will be selected based on the type of sanitation provided. (Kuyasa, New Crossroad and Nyanga). Field visits will be conducted to look at each sanitation type provided for the people of that particular informal settlement. Visual esteemment will used as a way of assessing the facilities at selected case study sites. The assessment will be done with the succeeding(a) -Design -Operation -Maintenance operations & cost effectiveness -Interview with a Water & Sanitation official -Views of usersOrganisation of dissertation Here you must describe briefly how the dissertation unfolds. Dont just list the chapter headings say a little about each one. Introduce the chapters in the order in which they appear and give an overview of the main points considered in each, except for your introduction (Chapter 1) of which this is the last section i. e. it is reasonable to assume this introduction has just been read. Simply responsibility what is covered in each chapter and in what order, to reveal the logic and structure of the dissertation. Do not give any proofs, arguments or results here.Complete this section last to break it describes the dissertation accurately. Literature review and theory This chapter is about the comparison of low co st sanitation technologies provided to informal settlements Introduction The main objective of a sanitation system is to protect and promote human health by providing a clean environment and breaking the cycle of disease. In order to be sustainable a sanitation system has to be not only economically viable, socially acceptable and technically and institutionally appropriate, but it should also protect the natural resources and the environment.When improving an existing or designing a new sanitation system, sustainable aspects should be considered. Institutional appropriateness, sanitation technologies should be managed at the lowest appropriate level, such as municipalities. The household is a major factor in sustaining human health and the environment. Beneficiary communities from the provision of sanitation technologies, or from improvements to existing sanitation technologies, must be partners in the planning, death penalty and, where appropriate, operation and maintenance of t hese technologies or improvements.Of course, sanitation planning cannot be done in a wholly deconcentrate way there has to be a coherent city-wide betterment to sanitation, but the planning process has to take into account the views of the intended beneficiaries and recognise that the sanitation solutions for very poor, poor and non-poor households are likely to be very different. Affordable sanitation technologies must be affordable for the households development them. In the Western Cape in particular consideration must be given to the affordability of sanitation technologies for poor and very poor households.Purpose of Sanitation Technologies Background The prime purpose of a sanitation system is to break the disease cycle caused by the bacteria in human excreta. To do so, the system has to combat exposure to infection through all the stages from the generation of excreta to their final disposal or reuse. It is important to emphasise a cumulate that human behaviour is crucial and fostering behavioural change is a key persona of sanitation system planning. In this chapter, though, we are concerned with the functional elements of the system.While individual components will vary considerably with local circumstances and will differ from community to community, the division into elements creates flexibility and choice in developing appropriate solutions. Planning Principles for Sanitation Facilities There are a few principles that lead to beneficial changes for the community and the city as a whole. Below are the six (6) principles for affective strategic planning 1. Respond on sound pay Service provision should respond to what the potential user wants and willing to pay for. 2. Focus on sound financesIntended users willingness to pay for sanitation systems will not be possible for expansion for facilities require. 3. Develop incentives for good practice Individuals and organisations act in a way that ensures the on-going availability of functioning sanit ation services need to be incentives for good practice. 4. Involve stakeholders in appropriate ways Groups, individuals and organisation with an interest in some particular subject, in this case sanitation become stakeholders. altogether stakeholders need to be involved in developing policy context for sanitation acting as intermediaries between service user and service providers. . take back a wide view of sanitation Stakeholders should look beyond local solutions to narrowly defined problems and recognise the links between different sanitation services. excretion disposal, solid waste management and waste pipe are interrelated and the impact of improvements in one will be reduced if they are carried out without compute to the others. 6. Take management steps towards intermediate objectives This principle is derived from the incremental approach to the development and implementation of strategies identified, when considering steps of improving set objectives.ELEMENTS TO BE CON SIRDED FOR SANITATION PURPOSES fiver elements which need to be considered separately are as follows The toilet there is a wide range of latrines, water closets, urine-diversion toilets, etc. , that may be considered, depending on local circumstances. The collection system septic tanks, pits, vaults, drums, may be appropriate in different environments. Transportation large or small sewer systems, motorised, windup(prenominal) or manual haulage may need to be considered. Treatment systems vary from sophisticated wastewater treatment plants and sludge digestion to simple composting systems and soil filtration. exercise of sanitation products urine, composted excreta and biogas are all important resources. If all five (5) elements for sanitation are adhered too then, Health, which is one of the aspects which include the risk of exposure to hazardous substances and pathogens that could affect public health at all points of the sanitation system from the toilet via the collect ion and treatment system to the point of reuse or disposal.Aspects such as hygiene, nutrition and improvement of livelihood achieved by the application of a true sanitation system, as well as downstream effects demand to be prioritized. Selection of Appropriate Sanitation Technologies The selection of appropriate sanitation technologies within informal settlements every locally (SA) or internationally, should be considered. . The physical environment and technical feasibility in which it can be installed (sanitation facility) for example consideration has to be given for (altitude, ground slopes, soils, hydrogeology, hold density, liability to flooding and local climate.The selection must also be compatible both with local socio-cultural practices and preferences and with local socio-economic conditions, with the ability to pay for the sanitation arrangement selected and also willingness to pay for services rendered. any selected low cost sanitation for any given community has to comply with the six (6) principles for sustainable sanitation. Low cost sanitation technology Sanitation is dual-lane into two broad groups on site and off site systems.The technologies are further divided into three (3) reuse categories centralized reuse, intermittent reuse and modify reuse and these leads to different sets of sanitation solutions. Household or local community level is Decentralized reuse (a house block). Natural drainage basins within an urban area are Centralized reuse level (town, city), wastewater collection is required followed by wastewater treatment. Pit latrines, pour-flush toilets and septic tanks are all intermittent reuse which refers to on-site systems. Conventional sewerage is not covered as it is too pricey for informal settlements (IWA, 2004).Service delivery in a recent line of descent indicates that most of the informal settlements are severely lagging behind in sanitation coverage. Governments current approach is to aim to supply informal se ttlements with toilets to be shared within five (5) households. Most of the toilets are locked and their maintenance relies on the users. In the Western Cape especially in the Cape Flats area the types of toilets that are mostly used are chemical (Nyanga) and bucket system (New cross) as shared facilities while VIP and UDS are considered as individual facilities.The options mentioned are not always available or suitable for the informal settlements due to the nature of the settlements. These services are considered as emergency services but withal remain with the communities for a long period of time (Mels et al, 2009). Institutional technologies for sanitation Institutional technologies for sanitation within South African government structures need to incorporate accountability. During the planning variety all sanitation technologies are prone to mismanagement (including sanitation selection).An assessment for the comparison of sanitation technology needs to include, who is answ erable for what and the likelihood that these responsibilities can and will be effectively discharged over the appropriate timeframes (short, medium and long term commitments). A non-prescriptive professional attitude and in depth local knowledge is required for assessment purposes (Mara et al, 2001). Comparison of the two arrangements is vital because they deal with people and government entities on how to handle sanitation. The CoCT dissembles a slender role in identifying the need for sanitation in each community. Mobile Communal Sanitation FacilitiesDue to the ever increasing need for free land and lack of space in our urban areas, alternative technologies in order to lose the sanitation demand and respond to the communities need to be make available. Temporary sanitation facilities such as the Mobile Communal Sanitation Facility (MCSF) have been introduced recently in areas where sanitation is to take place (Muanda, 2010). Types of Mobile Communal Sanitation Facilities Mobil e Communal Sanitation Facility (MCSF) varies in terms of their design, operational and use requirements. MCSF can be classified according to their operational requirements.In practice the super C types that are found are either modify (not requiring water) and wet (requiring water). A system that uses both scenarios has been identified as an improvement solution dealing with various situations. Wet system This type of system requires water for its operation. There are several types of such systems that are being used throughout the world and in Africa such as the DMT (dignified diligent toilet). There are solar powered toilets, sewer connected mobile toilet. Mostly in South Africa the most unremarkably used system is the Kayaloo and Mobisan (Parkison et al, 2008). Dry systemThis type of sanitation system does not require water for its operation. There are a few in South Africa such as the Mobile Pit toilet. In the international arena the interest system for dry systems technolo gies include the wheel toilet (Burkina Faso), composting mobile toilet (France), tricycle toilet (India and Sri Lanka) Pickford, 1995. Combined system This type of system is a dual system that can be used as dry or wet sanitation it can cultivate without the availability of water or sewer. In the international arena, the NMT (Nepal Mobile Toilet) is the commonly used system under this folk (Parkison et al, 2008).South African perception of MCSF The perception of users of mobile sanitation facilities are context based. The most preferred type of sanitation in South Africa is the individual full waterborne flush toilet. Communities within informal settlements are demanding that this type of sanitation should be provided to them at any cost regardless of the type of topography, shelter or the status of the land occupied. MCSF are seen by communities that the level of service is closer to that off the full flush toilet despite the communal status of the facility and communities are co mfortable using it.Communities believe that this type of sanitation provides dignity and privacy compared to other types of sanitation in the areas. The slow pace of delivery and the long waiting for the provision of the individual sanitation has changed peoples perception recently. Most of the communities note that the type of technology brought for a temporary basis has turn up to be a permanent solution (Grootboom, 2010). Operational Requirements City of Cape Town (CoCT) for example most of the settlements (75%) are located on land that is owned by the municipality and a large share which is (22%) is located in private lands.Consent from the owner has to be obtained by the Water Services Department in order to deliver services on site. Permission by many owners is not given due the fact that communities will make their temporally settlement a permanent one. A major constraint for sanitation service provision is the high density of settlements. Dry system The operation of this s ystem does not require water for its operation and this is how the dry system is defined. Dry mobile sanitation system requires a location where the facility needs to be installed and the disposal point or discharging excreta when the box is full at the bottom of the system for cleaning purposes (Scandura & Sobsey,1997). 2. 5. 2 Wet system The wet system for mobile sanitation requires water and sewer in order to make the system operational. A toilet bowl is connected under this sanitation system using a pipe linking to the sewer or septic tank. The system depends on water and cannot function if water is not available. In cases where there is no sewer line, the wastewater is pumped out and taken to a disposal site (Dorrigton, 2000). 2. 5. Combined system The combined system was designed to overcome the unavailability of water and the effects that can happen to the operation of such a system. It combines both systems and can be operated without water and with water (Parkison et al, 20 08). Implementation Challenges in South Africa Communities in needy areas are waiting for the implementation of sanitation technology that will provide dignified sanitation to them. The success for the implementation should be designed in such that all the parameters of the technology are not compromised.In the past the focus was mainly on the technology of the sanitation facility, and recently the attention has shifted to the implementation methods of sanitation technologies. Implementation means the process of introduction of sanitation in communities, not necessary the design, but the development process of sanitation. Introduction of the strategy and approach towards the community is vita (Classen, 2003). Professionals in this field feel that the implementation plan should have the environment as the first priority, then after the technical aspects to meet he human societal needs, and finally the economic requirements with these communities. It has become clear from, human socie tal needs are important and technology must help achieve this basic needs (Grootboom, 2010). Implementation Challenges at Provincial level The role of the provincial government needs to be clarified in the funding of urban infrastructure investments and the planning and the delivery of sanitation services is of utmost importance. A key challenge is the lack of capacity for sanitation promotion and progress monitoring.Evasion of funds that are exclusively allocated to sanitation is affecting service provision (Grootboom, 2010). Implementation Challenges at City level Key challenges at municipal levels are related to the following issues The lack of mechanisms bearing in mind the range of organizations that have a stake in sanitation for inter-agency collaboration on planning and service delivery. non all municipalities at present accept that there is a problem with excreta disposal. For the achievements of national sanitation goals there is a lack of incentives and accountability.Th ere is a shortage of capacity within the municipality in infrastructure development, planning, service delivery and sanitation promotion. Poorly understood and complicated mechanisms for accessing and allocating capital funds. The private sectors service delivery and maintenance in the safe removal, treatment and disposal of septic tank is under-developed and unregulated. Existing infrastructure is poorly maintained and operated (Grootboom, 2010). Implementation challenges within the community and household level Communities need to spiel a role as the intended usurers in the implementation of sanitation facilities.The challenge occur at this level, when limited appreciation of the need for safe disposal of wastewater. In most cases those that occupy land illegally are excluded from municipal projects and planning processes thus posing threats to the provision or implementation of sanitation services (Classen, 2003). For any technology to be embraced by the community they have to be involved from the inception phase, design phase and during the seduceion phase so that they can embrace the services being rendered by government institutions.CoCT and Local government face a huge back log of housing projects that can play a role in elevating sanitation stumbling blocks within informal settlements. Implementation challenges within community and household level Communities need to play a role as the intended usurers in the implementation of sanitation facilities. The challenge occur at this level, when limited appreciation of the need for safe disposal of wastewater. In most cases those that occupy land illegally are excluded from municipal projects and planning processes thus posing threats to the provision or implementation of sanitation services (Classen, 2003).For any technology to be embraced by the community they have to be involved from the inception phase, design phase and during the construction phase so that they can embrace the services being rendered by government institutions. CoCT and Local government face a huge back log of housing projects that can play a role in elevating sanitation stumbling blocks within informal settlements. Types of Sanitation Facilities The type of sanitation facilities listed below can be found throughout the Western Cape.The type of technology used for a particular settlement depends on the following elements which determine the final product being utilised i. e. topography, population, water resource and availability of the facility. Improved sanitation facilities This are facilities which are not shared or public, for example flush or pour flush, piped system, pit latrine, septic tank, vent improved pit latrine with slab and compositing toilet (Franceys et. al 1992). Unimproved sanitation facilitiesExcreta is flushed to the street, yard or plot, open sewer, a ditch, a drainage way or other location pit latrine without slab or open pit, bucket, hanging toilet or hanging latrine and no facilities or bush or field (Lemer, 1996). Unimproved sanitation (bucket system) Design and function In the South African context the bucket is always black, pvc and is about 38 cm in diameter at the top and 30 cm at the bottom and has adequate handles for lifting and carrying. The collection chamber is situated below the squatting seat.all(a) the chambers are open at the rear of the latrine, into the service lane used for collection. The collection chamber must be fly and animal proof. The chamber needs to be air out by means of a pipe vent carried to roof level of the superstructure (Pickford, 1995). Collection and conveyance of buckets On a weekly basis collection are done and gets replaced with a disinfected bucket. Buckets that are emptied into a tank and are returned immediately the practice should be condemned unreservedly.The time of the collection should be done in confederation with the community affected. Buckets are emptied at the disposal sites, thoroughly washed, and disinfected w ith phenol or creosol type of disinfectant before being stores away and re-used (Pickford, 1995). Improved sanitation (Septic tank) The most satisfactory unit all water-carried systems and the most useful system of disposal of excreta and other liquid wastes from individual dwellings, small groups of houses, or institutions located in informal settlements out of reach of sewer systems.The septic tank consists of a covered settling tank into which the raw sewage is led by the edifice sewer. Inside the septic tank the processes constitute the primary treatment of raw sewage and those which occur in the disposal field form the secondary treatment. All liquids wastes, including those from bathrooms and kitchens, may be sent to the septic tank without endangering its normal operation. Contrary to popular belief, recent research has shown that sullage waste can and should be discharged into septic tanks (Lemer, 1996).On-site sanitation As it was mentioned before that there are two types of sanitation systems in this instance the On-site sanitation systems is generally designed and must operate in such a way excreta is deposited into a man-made container, usually a subsurface excavation or tank. The common trend to all forms of on-site sanitation is that decomposition process and settlement is performed on-site. This is the most low-cost sanitation system as it has various types of pit latrines. They can be either wet or dry systems.Due to the shortage of space and availability of land in informal settlements this system operates the best under these conditions (Lemer, 1996). Off-site sanitation This type of sanitation system transports sewage through sewer pipes using water. An off-site sanitation system only transport faecal matter away from households and does not include on-site decomposition to a significant degree. This type of system depends largely on the topography of the area and the planning around the system. There must be enough land and space before su ch a system is created, which is difficult in informal settlements.The cost of such a system is quite high (Scandura and Sobsey, 1997). The availability of funds and the topography play an important role in the decision making on what type of technology communities should have within informal settlements. Sanitation Guidelines for End-user Greater user acceptance is achieved through user involvement and influence in selection, implementation and management including operation of the technology is borne out of soul and experience that people best understand their own development situation, social, cultural and religious practices.If the communities are involved it leads to greater ownership and empowerment and would translate into greater acceptance of responsibility and hence the technology. It is within the human nature to be more receptive and supportive when asked about ones opinion as opposed to being dictated or told to whats is best for oneself (Mara, 1996). Note the followin g reasons why services fail Ineffective planning, monitoring, evaluation and interventions Poor technical capacity to implement Hygiene and inappropriate use practises. Low user acceptance and satisfaction Inadequate community involvement Low priority and deficiency of responsibilities between municipal, community and household Finally- it is of great importance not to move too fast from temporary plans to full-scale programmes, the community need to receive the programme so that it is not rejected. Planning and Design for Sanitation by Local Authorities Sanitation technology is adequately dependent on the appropriate design specification is borne out of the understanding that the correct design standards and locally appropriate materials would enhance the durability of the technology in a given local context.Planning plays a pivotal role as it is used as an important factor to determine whether appropriate and sustainable sanitation technologies are achieved. A planning place th at integrates everyone is ideal (WSP, 2007) that takes place within the Integrated suppuration Planning (IDP) process (DWAF, 2001). The various sanitation options are demonstrated through the IDP process. A top-down to bottom-up approach for a planning baby-sit should drive the demand and should be entirely people centred, best achieved through a collective model (Tilley, 2008). Implementation process during planningA methodology for the provision of sanitation is necessary to establish sanitation for low-income settlements and to support and equip personal responsible for provision of sanitation to low-income settlements (Muanda, 2010). In the planning process specific emphasis for adequate functioning of the technology is placed on the environmental aspect, that local environmental and geological condition are considered and that the technology does not adversely impact on the environment (DWAF, undated). The recurring points that need to be systemised are as follows Human right s and socio-cultural needs should be considered Affordability for the user Sanitation should be demand driven Stakeholder participation Support, regulation and implementation within the community participation framework should be considered. Provision for construction should be to locals. Community linkage at all levels During the implementation place it is important to include health and hygiene training as to ensure improved health and hygiene practice (Still et. al, 2009). What happens in the case where a local authority has provided such training?Over time many new comers arrive into the settlement (as is the case in many informal settlements)? The only solution to the question here is to train trainers in the community who will be responsible for ever creating awareness in their community (DWAF, 2009). Sanitation Provision Policy South Africa despite being a democratic country for more than a decade, with a sound constitution and sound policies there is still high levels of po verty and inequalities and work outary realignments designed to address the legacies of the past and steady economic growth (DWAF, undated).Some policies have been relatively successful but still South Africa has the second highest in equality in the world behind Brazil (UNICEF, 2000). The fact is that by 1996 not that much had been achieved by way of sanitation provision in any of the provinces (DBSA, 2009). Sanitation has become a high priority on the development agenda, and not just with the Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) sector specialist. The opportunities for financial support are better than ever, the political commitment is there, so as to deliver sustainable sanitation services to more than two billion people by 2015.A further 1,089 million rural and 1,085 million urban dwellers will need to gain access in the coming 15 years if the 2015 target is to be achieved. The first democratic government since 1994 has put in place policies that address the apartheid health legac y of racial discrimination. During this process, several key-pro equity policies were inherited in the public sector. In the South African context the policy not only influences the approach to the financing and management of projects but also their technical features (WHO, 1999). CostsSocio-cultural landscapes and local variations in the physical landscape necessitate local input into the selection process and any preconceived ideas should be put on hold. Discussions with the targeted community about local capital and operation and maintenance costs have to be determined in each case that will enable the community and local authorities to come to a decision based on affordability. It is important that agencies reporting comparative costs on a wholly transparent basis, so that only the true basic costs of sanitation arrangement are presented to the communities (DBSA, 2009).Cost on various levels There are five (5) principles for various levels. All costs relating to the provision o f sanitation service should be included A distinction should be made between capital and operating costs A clear distinction has to be made between internal and bulk services Costs services must be expressed as current replacement at capacity cost. Costs to be reduced per area or site. Cost sanitation technologies can also be influenced through the natural features such as vegetation, terrain and water availability and climatic conditions generally within the settlements.Conclusion The sanitation approach includes the perception, feel and practices involved in satisfying the primal need to defecate and urinate. Societal sanitation approach determines the nature of sanitation which serves as the crucial link between an unhealthy and healthy living environment. The term sanitation includes the safe disposal of domestic waste. For the purposes of this research, the structure seeks to understand the appropriate sanitation and identify a sanitation structure that is cost effective and wi ll be sustainable in informal settlements.Sanitation facilities are used to improve human dignity regardless of the area and the circumstances of the people. In this study we have looked at the process that needs to be followed in order to have sanitation technologies that safe guard the people. In informal settlements due to the nature of their existence and the lack of formal services, the communities usually do not take ownership of these facilities. The onus is upon government to train people about the importance of sanitation. The study focussed mostly on technologies that are used internationally and locally.The comparison of this technologies will be based on cost, morphological intact and the maintenance therefore of the technology. References Rockstrom, Johan et al. Sustainable Pathways to attain the Millennium Development Goals Assessing the Key Role of Water, Energy and Sanitation, Stockholm Environmental Institute, 2005. WHO & UNICEF Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target The urban and rural challenge. WSSCC/Sandec (2000). The Bellagio Statement on Sustainable Sanitation. Jenssen et al. , 2004 P. D. Jenssen, J. Heeb, E. Huba-Mang, K. Gnanakan, S. W. Warner, K. Refsgaard, Stenstorm Thor-Axel, B.Guterstam and K. W. Alsen, Ecological sanitation and reuse of wastewater, ecosan, a thinkpiece on ecological sanitation (2004). HDR (Human Development Report), 2006 HDR (Human Development Report), Beyond Scarcity Power, poverty and the global water crisis, United Nations Development Programme, New York (2006). Dorrington RE, Bradshaw D, Budlender D. HIV/AIDS Profile of the Provinces of South AfricaIndicators for 2002. Cape Town, South Africa Centre for Actuarial Research, Medical Research Council and the Actuarial Society of South Africa, University of Cape Town 2002. Rogerson, C. (1993) South African policy lessons.Urban Forum Vol. 4 No. 2. Housing Conditions, sanitation status and associated health risks in selected subsidized low- cost hou sing settlements in Cape Town, South Africa. Govender, T. Jo M. Barnes. Joubert A, Stewart T (2003). Evaluation of water supply augmentation and water demand management options for the City of Cape Town, journal of Multi-criteria Decision Analysis. Lemanski, C (2009). Augmented informality South Africans backyard dwellings as a by-product of formal housing policies. WHO, (2006). Surveillance, planning, financing. Available online. City of Cape Town, Department of housing, (2004).Breaking new ground, comprehensive plan for housing delivery. Available online. Research methodology This chapter provides a comprehensive interpretation of the comparison methods used to analyse sanitation technologies in informal settlements (IS). It outlines an overview of the research design, data collection, research equipment and research methodology used in order to meet the study objectives. Research design This section of the study is made up of the following * Literature review which compromises o f literature, a body review, a framework, a body of knowledge with regards to sanitation technologies. Data collection which compromise methods used to collect required data * Data Analysis and Presentation in the light of the literature review to determine the trends used for sanitation technologies for IS. Research methodology This study intends to provide a better understanding of sanitation facilities within the Western Cape within informal settlements and to compare the cost implications of such facilities. Data The data required in order to archive the study objectives includes the type of sanitation technology for IS and the cost in relation to sanitation technology.Data acquired was based on the following Type of sanitation Cost (Operational & Maintenance) Cost (Infrastructure) Advantages and Disadvantages of On-site sanitation Advantages and Disadvantages of Off-site sanitation Data Collection In order to collect data two methods are used (Two consultations & Site visits). * Site visits on selected IS in order to assess the type of sanitation technology being used. The site visits where done by conducting visual assessment in three informal settlements with the Metro. Data was self-possessed by comparing the types of technology that is being used within each settlement.A questionnaire template was used to gather users views and opinions on the technologies offered by the municipality. * An interview with the Municipal Officer (MO) to confirm or validate data/technology on site and the cost of the technology. The interview was set out to ascertain the magnitude and the need of sanitation facilities within informal settlements which is done by the municipality. Operational and maintenance cost of the technology being used was collected for comparison purposes. * An interview with manufactures of sanitation technologies was conducted in order to confirm cost per unit.All the manufactures that where contacted where primary manufactures that the municipa lity procures all their sanitation technologies. Rocla was one of the manufactures that was interviewed about their precast toilets. Rocla has two sets of precast toilets one with sanitation facilities and one without sanitation facilities. A comparison of the two technologies has been tabled in Chapter 4. Santec was also interviewed about their Mobile toilets which comprised two sets of toilets (dry & wet). A comparison of the two technologies is outlined in Chapter 4.Research Equipment The following equipment was used for this study * Pen this tool was used to capture raw data from site. * Laptop the laptop is used to store all data collected and is also used to make tables to present all the research work into a document * Digital Camera the digital camera was used to take pictures on site and during interviews. * Mobile phone mobile phones where used as a means of communication amongst all stakeholders involved. * Fax Machine was used to agitate and also receive data from stak eholders without email facilities and scans. Landline the tool was used for communication between office hours and is the most affordable means of communication. Methodology Objective 1 To investigate available sanitation technologies provided to informal settlement from operational, design, maintenance and cost. The objective was implemented by conducting of site visits, during which visual assessments where used to compile the name of the technology, specific technical aspects such as design and the condition of the technologies on site. Below is a list of design technologies within informal settlements that where visited. * Porta potiies * chemical toilets Container toilets * Conservancy tanks * Pour flush toilets * Pit latrines * Urine diversion toilets * MobiSan toilets * Environmental loo Objective 2 * To classify the types of sanitation according to the characteristics (dry or wet sanitation individual or communal). Classification of the technology was done by identifying i ndividual and communal sanitation technologies. * * Dry sanitation * Wet sanitation * A dry toilet differs from a flush toilet (water closet) in that it does not need water. Excreta are collected directly beneath the seat in a change pit, container, chamber, such as the bucket system.Confusion must cleared between the systems especially latrine system which is constructed on a deep pit. Dry toilets ranges include a squatting plate or pedestal, with a smooth finished surface and is often utilised in limited area to minimise soiling. * These are the stodgy full flush system with sewers and waste water treatment plants, full flush systems with septic tank and small bore sewers, and the full flush systems with shallow sewerage. With septic tanks will significantly reduce operating costs, while the third system shallow sewers will significantly reduce the capital costs.The advantages of this group of toilets are that they operate as full flush toilets, can accommodate grey water dis posal, and are well suited to densely populated areas where the plot sizes are insufficient to treat and drain household wastes. * Objective 3 Selection of the suitable option The suitable option was based on the advantages and disadvantages on the interview and the cost of the technology by the manufacture. The selected option is also based on the manufactures specification which used on site by the municipality and the budget allocated to the MO for that particular region.Advantages of On-site sanitation Disadvantages of On-site sanitation The system must be simple to construct, operate and maintain This system is not suitable for substrata with hard rock and high water table conditions. Installation should be less expensive and maintenance the same The is a high possibility of pathogens corrupting the groundwater Pollution of water surface should be eliminated In highly densely populated urban areas such as informal settlements crucial groundwater resources can get contaminat ed. Semi Structured InterviewsSemi structured interviews were conducted to collect data from users to obtain the users views on sanitation technologies and the type of service the municipality is rendering. Users were asked questions on sanitation situations, technology selection, performance of facilities, appropriateness of the technologies, operational and maintenance of the facilities. A total of twelve (12) interviews were conducted. See (Appendix A) for the questionnaire template. Table 1 shows the distribution of the interviews conducted. Area No. of interviews Gugulethu 4 Khayelitsha 4 Nyanga 4 derive 12 Table 1Distribution of interviews The questionnaires were administered on site with the users of the selected informal settlements. Administration of questionnaires was conducted in Xhosa since most of the users were comfortable speaking the language. Due to the lack of finding suitable sponsors to fund our survey only small sample was administered that actually uses the f acilities. Discussion This section of study reflects the visual assessment that was conducted on site. A enquirer was used to ascertain the level of service from the end user on the three (3) identified sites.A comparison of technologies that is being offered in informal settlements by the municipality is also reflected. The physical structure of the technologies being offered by manufactures to municipalities. Operational and maintenance cost implication from the manufacture and that cost is later transferred or felt by the municipality. Types of Sanitation Technologies Technology Settlement Name Suburb Name Porta potiies KTC Nyanga Chemical toilets KTC Nyanga Conservancy toilets Monwabisi Park Khayelitsha Pour flush toilets Barcelona GugulethuPit Latrines Monwabisi Park Khayelitsha MobiSan toilets. KTC Nyanga Dry toilets A dry toilet differs from a flush toilet (water closet) in that it does not need water. Excreta are collected directly beneath the seat in a shallow pit, conta iner, chamber, such as the bucket system. Confusion must cleared between the systems especially latrine system which is constructed on a deep pit. Dry toilets ranges include a squatting plate or pedestal, with a smooth finished surface and is often utilised in limited area to minimise soiling.ADVANTAGES COST DISADVANTAGES No water required for flushing hood R2000 R 3500. 00 which can increase where soils not suited to drainage. The toilet has to be cleaned without using much water. Easy to construct with local material operating(a) R150 R300 per annum where undersoil drainage is available Collected excreta has to be carefully handled, excreta contains pathogens May be used inside Excreta have to be removed frequently to avoid smells, especially if the toilets are indoors MobiSan (Mobile Sanitation)MobiSan (Mobile Sanitation) system in many ways has many advantages over existing dry systems. Below is a list of those advantages MobiSan Advantages MobiSan Disadvantages The MobiSa n system is an independent and self-contained system and has been proven that the system does not affect ground water at all. Faeces and urine are stored separately in the MobiSan. Urine is channelled away and the faeces fall into a ventilated chamber. The construction of the system is such that a handle on the outside of the cabin allows the solid waste to be stirred.The steering speeds up the drying of the excrement. The excrement is then channelled into a second component where this drying process is repeated again. The end product is dried up, it is pathogen-free manure that can be safely used to fertilise local vegetable gardens within the communities in informal settlements. This system lends itself as a more aesthetic and hygienic option for residents in informal settlements. The technology provided is prone to vandalism and becomes full within a short period. Operating costs are very high. Conservancy tank ADVANTAGES COST DISADVANTAGESWaste is flushed into the tank where i t is contained in isolation from the surrounding environment. Capital R2000 R 5000. 00 depending on top structure and tank volume Becomes full if domestic wastewater levels are high. Easy to construct with local material Operating R 550. 00 per household and emptying cost estimated at R181 per tank. The tank is emptied on average 3 times per year Emptying cost over the liveliness of the technology is quite high. VIP (Ventilated Improved Pit) ADVANTAGES COST DISADVANTAGES Applicable in rock terrain Capital R2500 R 4500. 0Depending on householder input. . Collected excreta has to be carefully handled, excreta contains pathogens Does not require deep excavation Operating R35 R135 every 2 years. Prone to smells. On-site Sanitation On-site sanitation has certain requirements, which need to be investigated before adopting the system. The system must have adequate space for locating toilets and leach pits. The designated site must have porous subsoil to absorb liquid content of e xcreta and The groundwater depth should be greater than 1,5m from ground level.ADVANTAGES OF On-site sanitation DISADVANTAGES OF On-site sanitation The system must be simple to construct, operate and maintain This system is not suitable for substrata with hard rock and high water table conditions. Installation should be less expensive and maintenance the same The is a high possibility of pathogens contaminating the groundwater Pollution of water surface should be eliminated In highly densely populated urban areas such as informal settlements crucial groundwater resources can get contaminated. Pour flush slabs Pour flush slabs (squatting pans) are designed with a U-shaped facility which s partly filled with water under slab. The design which is U overcomes problems such as flies, mosquitoes and odour by serving as a water seal. afterwards usage, excreta are manually flushed by pouring water into the pan with a scoop. The amount is about 1 to 4 litres of water which is required for each flush. The amount of water depends mainly on the design of the facility and the U-trap. This type of toilet can be made from plastic and ceramic, or from galvanized aeroplane metal . ADVANTAGES COST DISADVANTAGES High level of convenience for the user Capital R 2000- R 3500 which can increase where soils are not well suited to drainage. Blockages occur a lot within these systems The design reduces the need to handle fresh excreta. Operating R 150 R 300 per annum where subsoil drainage is available Requires small amounts of water for flushing Can be used indoors Limited emptying service. Communal or shared technologies In areas where there is not enough space, the sharing of latrines between several families is a useful solution. The common situation is where groups of households or small communal areas have latrines to be used by all the families.The ownership of the latrines generally belongs to one of the houses, the owner of all the houses, or else ownership is shared between the households. The costs of pit emptying and other repairs is often included in the rent, causing problems when the owner does not live there, or the residents must collaborate to clean the latrine and collect money to get it emptied when necessary. This is a very widespread practice. Communal of blocks of latrines are located in a public area,

Assess the postmodernist views of the mass media Essay

PM argue mass media are central to the PM theory, as the decline of traditional communities, time-space condensate and flexible production all derived through the media. PM argue the global society is media-saturated, making it harder to distinguish between domain and hyper-reality, and making socialisation garbled and unstable. PM challenge viewing audience as passive and easily manipulated, as they use media images to construct individual identities. The major criticism of PM is that their line of merchandise is suitcased on abstract concepts and a lack of empirical evidence.Marxists criticise PM for ignoring inequalities in media glide path, and that the media messages shadow mislead the audiences, as the main effort easy them is maintaining profit for capitalists. PM argue the society today is media-saturated. BAUDRILLARD argues the media messages dominate and distort the perception of the world. People live media-led virtual lives, spending time on companionable netwo rks (eg. Twitter) or playing such video games as Second Life. Media-saturated society had created increasing uncertainty in the world by making it hard to take reality from fantasy.BAUDRILLARD notes the great unwashed are bombarded with the mass media daily. As a result, the media define our sense of reality and self-perception. To support, BAUMANN kick ups people live in a liquid modernity, where we base our identity around consumption, and pick n mix identities. BAUDRILLARD agrees that identity is driven my media-created pressure to consume. However, Marxists argue capitalism is behind media-created pressure to consume, and the growth of consumerism represents the success of capitalism rather than diverse media messages.Nonetheless, BAUDRILLARD still argues that identity is formed by media images, rather than class and imposed values. PM argue the media actively create reality. BAUDRILLARD argues media images have replaced reality to such an extent that we live in hyper-reality , i. e. reality structured by electronic communication. In turn, the media present simulacra (artificial copies of real events), which is hard to differentiate from reality. There is no longer separate reality for things like TV programmes, sidle uped by media stories about fictional characters.TUCKLE notes that the lives of TV characters have become more real to the audience than substantial communities. For example, people felt so strongly about TV show Cheers that they created Cheers bars in America, similarly to creating Central Perk coffee shops after popularity of Friends. Moreover, the media can create realities of such major events as wars. BAUDRILLARD argues that the First Gulf War was a simulation created by the media, noting that the war only happened on TV. sequence not denying the existence of conflict, he criticised its portrayal in western societies.However, the impact of hyper-reality and simulacra is uneven between social groups. They are only significant to thos e who can access them. PM are criticised for ignoring that media images can increase perception of inequality. More importantly, PM ignore concerns over concentration of media ownership and ideological function hyper-reality may perform. Marxists suggest the RC may create the hyper-reality to reinforce their ideology, whereas Feminists suggest some aspects of hyper-reality, particularly games like GTA, reinforce patriarchy and misogyny.PM highlight the increasing importance of popular culture promoted by the media. STRINATI notes the mass media have caused a breakdown of distinction between high and popular culture, making popular culture dominate the way people define themselves. Popular culture has more warp on our lifestyles than social structures, as opposed to Marxist view that the media owners influence the media output thus influence our identities.However, PM are criticised for not being able to empirically prove the link between popular culture and creation of identities. PM conducted small shell ethnographic research, as they reject possibility of discovering objective truth about social world. However, it severely undermines their argument. In support of PM, however, neo-functionalist PUTNAM found empirical evidence to highlight the breakdown of the real world social interaction and declining social capital due to the influence of the media, and especially new media.In conclusion, PM view of the media is prestigious in drawing attention to the impact of the media on creation of identities and how consumption influence peoples ability to create their identities themselves. However, the major limitation of PM theory is reluctance to recognise the significance of the market forces and concentration of media ownership in understanding the media impact on the society. Moreover, PM do not grant the medias role of promoting and exacerbating inequalities among audiences.

“Life of Pi” Analysis

Life of Pi The Importance of Storytelling What is the importance of storytelling? What are stories for? In the novel Life of Pi, Yann Martel considers these questions as he writes astir(predicate) a boy who survived in a lifeboat with a Bengal Tiger. Martel elaborates on the theme of storytelling as a coping mechanism. Thats what fiction is about, isnt it, the selective transforming of truthfulness? The twisting of it to take in out its essence? Martel writes this within the first few pages of the Life of Pi, and this idea is carried throughout the novel.He goes into vivid detail of an unbelievable story of Pi and Richard Parker stranded on a life boat together, however it is not until part three that the reader learns that the story they first think to be full-strength is in fact a fictionalized version of an animal-less story. Pi twists the reality of the last 227 days to cope with what has happened to him since the sinking of Tsimtsum. It is a more efficient way for Yann Mart el to bring out the essence of Pis story through fiction.Martel twists the reality of the humanistic story to bring about the animalistic essence of Pi in a better light, and in this better light Pi is able to deal with the calamity and be able to move past it. Pi too finds himself through religion or rather, three religions Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. He is guided by curiosity and through his fascination of God he learns many stories that guide his morality and actions throughout life. With this, Pi takes on many overwhelming issues and questions that he has to deal with.These religions use many variations of one Story to show other life lessons, and although the expound contradict each other, Pi chooses to believe in their similar essence. In doing this, he is coping with and responding to his philosophical search. For example, when the three religious leaders meet, they begin to disagree. The non-Christian priest argues that Hinduism believes in multiple gods whereas h is religion, Christianity, only believes in one, so therefore Hinduism should not be a religion Pi should practice. In response to the noisy hostility in the street, Pi refutes, All religions are true.I just want to love God. Earlier in the novel, when Pi is atop the hill with Father Martin and hears an unpleasant story, he explains, I asked for another story, one that I might find more satisfying. Surely this religion had more than one story in its bagreligions uprise with stories. Pi found the first story displeasing and to cope with this, he asks for another one. In the end, Pi turns it around and now questions Mr. Chiba and Mr. Okamoto, So tell me, since it makes no factual difference to you and you cant prove the questions either way, which story do you prefer?Which is the better story, the story with animals or the story without animals? and they both nominate that the story with the animals was the better story. Through the storytelling of the adventures of Pi and Richa rd Parker, Martel shows a tragedy in a more human light because it is easier for one to cope with the hurt of a different living creature than its kin. Instead of sharing the horror of his mothers head flying into his arms, Pi tells the Japanese officials of Orange succus dying in a fight, because his mother is more important to him than an orangutan.Yann Martel uses symbolism in his novel within the prominent stories to convey the importance of storytelling. Martel wants to show that storytelling is a way of life for Pi, within his religions, and his tragedy. Pi is able to see religion in a more abstract and importationful light, which he does in his tragedy as well. He uses this as a coping mechanism, so he may be able to understand the essence behind the reality of what happened to him and, to many extent, the significance of life.On a larger scale, Martel is saying that the importance of storytelling in general is to cope with the all encompassing question of the meaning of l ife. The stories of religion and conviction try to tackle this question through the twisting of reality. Zooming in on a microscopic level of life, Martel shows that stories can help one cope with tragedy because hearing a better story can help one understand the more factual story. An altering of the truth can make the meaning of almost anything more understandable and bearable to explain or hear.

Higher education in the USA Essay

Faktorami, opredelyayuschimi yavlyaetsya li uchrezhdenie odnim iz luchshih, ili odnim iz menee prestizhnyh, yavlyayutsya kachestvo obucheniya fakultetov, kachestvo oborudovaniya dlya issledovanij, uroven finansirovaniya bibliotek, specialnyh programm, i t. d. , a takzhe kompetentnost i chislo pretendentov na priem, to est naskolko dannoe uchrezhdenie svobodno v vybore studentov. Vse eti faktory dopolnyayut drug druga. Voobsche v Soedinennyh SHtatah priznano, chto est bolee i menee predpochtitelnye uchrezhdeniya dlya obucheniya i polucheniya vyssh self-importance obrazovaniya.Bolee predpochtitelnye uchrezhdeniya obychno, no ne vsegda, yavlyayutsya bolee dorogostoyaschimi, i okonchanie odnogo iz nih mozhet prinesti znachitelnye preimuschestva, poskolku kazhdyj chelovek ischet vozmozhnost zanyatosti i socialnuyu podvizhnost v predelah obschestva. Konkurs na postuplenie v takoj kolledzh pobuzhdaet milliony starsheklassnikov sdavat SAT kazhdyj god. No nedavno akcent na vstupitelnyh ekzame nah shiroko kritikovalsya v Soedinennyh SHtatah, potomu chto ekzameny pozvolyayut opredelit kompetentnost v matematike i anglijskom yazyke.V zaschituispolzovaniya ekzamenov kak kriteriev pri postuplenii, rukovoditeli mnogih universitetov govoryat, chto ispolzovanie SAT pozvolyaet spravedlivo reshit, kogo prinyat, kogda imeetsya 10 ili 12 pretendentov na odno mesto.Mogut li kolledzhi i universitety Ameriki osnovyvatsya na ih rezultatah? Priblizitelno 12 millionov studentov v nastoyaschee vremya poseschayut shkoly vysshego obrazovaniya v Amerike. Oni studenty v obschestve, kotoroe verit v svyaz mezhdu obrazovaniem i demokratiej. Odnako, mnozhestvo amerikancev ne udovletvoreny sostoyaniem vysshego obrazovaniya v ih strane. Vozmozhno, naibolee shiroko rasprostranennoe nedovolstvo vyzyvaet uchebnyj end kolledzha v celom i shirokij diapazon dopolnitelnyh zanyatij v chastnosti.V seredine 80-yh godov proshlogo veka Associaciya Amerikanskih Kolledzhej (AAC) vypustila doklad, v kotorom priz yvala k prepodavaniyu bazovoj chasti obschih znanij vsem studentam kolledzha. Nacionalnyj Institut Obrazovaniya (NIE) vypustil podobnyj zhe doklad- Uchastie v obuchenii. V svoem doklade NIE zaklyuchil, chto uchebnyj plan kolledzha stal chrezmerno professionalno-tehnicheskim i svyazannym s rabotoj. V nem takzhe preduprezhdaetsya, chto obrazovanie kolledzha bolshe ne mozhet razvivat v studentah razdelennye cennosti i znaniya, chto tradicionno svyazyvayut Amerikancev vmeste. Sereznoe obvinenie. Dejstvitelno li eto tak?V nekotoroj stepeni na dannyj moment eto vozmozhno. Konechno, nekotorye studenty zakanchivayut svoe obuchenie bez kursa po Zapadnoj Civilizacii, ne upominaya drugie mirovye kultury. Drugie ostavlyayut kolledzh, ne izuchiv nauku ili pravitelstvo. V otvet, mnogie kolledzhi nachali peresmatrivat osnovnoj uchebnyj plan, s kotorym vse studenty dolzhny spravlyatsya. Eti problemy priznak togo, chto vysshee obrazovanie v Amerike menyaetsya, kak eto imelo mesto vsegda v ego istor ii.I, kak v proshlom, eto izmenenie mozhet idti v neozhidannyh napravleniyah. Puritane osnovyvali kolledzhi, chtoby obuchat ministrov. No ih studenty proyavili sebya kak osnovopolozhniki pervoj v mire konstitucionnoj demokratii. Kolledzhi predostavleniya zemli byli osnovany, chtoby prepodavat selskoe hozyajstvo i proektirovanie stroitelyam Amerikanskogo Zapada. Segodnya, mnogie iz etih kolledzhej yavlyayutsya veduschimi shkolami v nauchno-issledovatelskom mire. Amerikancy vsegda delali stavku na sozdanie sistemnoj raboty. Oni imeyut osobo veskie prichiny dlya vypolneniya etogo v oblasti obrazovaniya.Lyudi v Soedinennyh SHtatah segodnya stalkivayutsya s vazhnymi voprosami CHto yavlyaetsya nadlezhaschej rolyu Ameriki kak strany s samoj staroj v mire konstitucionnoj demokratiej s samoj bolshoj ekonomikoj yavlyayuschejsya pervoj yadernoj derzhavoj? Amerikancy uvazhayut svoe pravo vyrazit mnenie po vsem etim problemam. No lyudi Soedinennyh SHtatov takzhe gluboko osoznayut, chto takie pr oblemy dolzhny rassmatrivatsya v komplekse. CHtoby prinimat uchastie v novyh voznikayuschih problemah, bolshinstvo amerikancev chuvstvuet, chto oni nuzhdayutsya vo vsej informacii, kotoruyu oni mogut poluchit.Kolledzhi i universitety naibolee vazhnye centry takogo izucheniya. I nezavisimo ot togo, chto mogut trebovatsya usovershenstvovaniya, ih buduschee polnostyu garantiruetsya amerikanskoj zhazhdoj progressa i horoshej informirovannosti. Fakticheski, sleduyuschej zadachej amerikanskogo obrazovaniya mozhet stat tendenciya dlya lyudej prodolzhit ih obrazovanie v kolledzhe dlya dalnejshej zhizni. Slovar. A Accept Prinimat Achieves Dostigat Accomplishment Vypolnenie Account Schet Adequate Adekvatnyj gateway Dopusk Admitted Dopuschennyj Advantage Preimuschestvo Agriculture Selskoe hozyajstvo.Amount Kolichestvo Applicant Pretendent Application Zayavlenie Association of American Colleges(AAC) Associaciya Amerikanskih Kolledzhej Available Dostupnyj Aware Znaya B Bachelor s degree Stepen Bakalavra Be both Byt takzhe Beyond Vne Bond Obyazatelstvo C Certainly Konechno Community Soobschestvo Competition Sorevnovanie Competence Kompetentnost Complete Polnyj Comprise Vklyuchit Condition Uslovie(sostoyanie) Contain Soderzhat Conversely Naoborot Costly Dorogostoyaschij Criticized Kritikuemyj Currently V nastoyaschee vremya Curriculum Uchebnyj plan D.Demand Trebovanie Democracy Demokratiya Desirable ZHelatelnyj Determining Opredelenie Distinction Razlichie Duration Prodolzhitelnost E Elective Izbiratelnyj Emphasis Akcent Employment Zanyatost Equal prestige Ravnyj prestizh overly vocational and work-related CHrezmerno professionalno- tehnicheskij i svyazannyj s rabotoj Exist Suschestvovat G Graduate Diplomirovannyj specialist Government Pravitelstvo H Higher education Vysshee obrazovanie I Impression Vpechatlenie free-living Nezavisimyj Interviews Intervyu Issued Vypuschennyj L Lead Liderstvo.Majority Bolshinstvo Mas ters degree Stepen mastera Measure Mera Mention Upominanie Merely Prosto Might Mog by N National Institute of Education(NIE) Nacionalnyj Institut Obrazovaniya nuclear power YAdernaya derzhava O Offer Predlozhenie Obtain Poluchit Opinions Mneniya Opportunities Vozmozhnosti Outstanding Vydayuschijsya P Painfully Gluboko Particular Specificheskij(osobennyj) Percent Procent Perhaps Vozmozhno Proper Nadlezhaschij Provide Obespechit Public Gosudarstvennyj(obschestvennyj) Puritans Puritane Private CHastnyj R Receive Poluchit.Recently Nedavno Recognized Priznannyj Recommendations Rekomendacii Regard Otnoshenie Reinforce Ukrepit Respect Uvazhenie S Satisfactory Udovletvoritelnyj Satisfied Udovletvorennyj Seek Iskat Similar Podobnyj Simply Prosto Scholars Uchenye Scientific research Nauchnoe issledovanie companionable mobility Socialnaya mobilnost Success Uspeh T Traditional bind Tradicionno svyazyvayut The shared values and knowledge Razdelennye cenno sti i znanie Q Quality of research facilities Kachestvo sredstv obsluzhivaniya issledovaniya W Whether Li Widespread SHiroko rasprostranennyj.

Fluency & Learning Essay

The purpose of this paper is to specify an elicit story and design rakeing activities approximately it to increase the reading eloquence of students. The paper starts with a synopsis of The Cay, a tale of survival, in which a offspring boy is blinded by a severe blow on the back of his head piece his ship which makes him entirely dependent on Timothy. The adventurous nature of this story makes it interesting for the students to read and tolerate step to the fore different activities on it, thus contributing to their reading fluency The Cay The book is written by Theodore Taylor.The story deals with a young boys misconceptions about race and a black sea man, Timothy, with whom he gets shipwrecked on a deserted island. The young boy, Philip, is blinded by a severe blow on the back of his head while his ship was destroyed by the enemy torpedo. This makes him entirely dependant on Timothy, at to the lowest degree initially through his stay at the island. As Philip explores the i sland and learns the art of survival and relies slight on Timothy, their relationship and mutual respect grows for individually other, when they learn to drop dead and live within the means available at the island.Their struggle to face the odds and survive on an isolated island with no food and water, indeed makes this an interesting tale of survival. (Polette, 1995) Ill be employing following five different activities for the children to work with the story. Student-Adult study In student-adult reading, the class will be divided into small groups and each group will be assigned a chapter from the novel to read. The student will read out loud from the novel with me while the rest of the children listen.I will read the text first, which will actually give the student a pose of fluent reading. This is followed by the student reading the same text, while I would assist and encourage him or her during the process. I would repeat this process with individual student until the subje ct gains fluency in reading the particular passage. (Fluency & training to Read Reading Fluency) c In this activity the students will read a particular passage from the novel along with me as a group. To carry out this activity, each student will be provided his/her own copy of the novel.I would read a particular passage starting from the first chapter so that the children begin to comprehend the story ad they are familiarized with the words. afterward reading a particular passage I would re-read the passage forte to model fluent reading but this time asking the students to join in and read the passage along with me. This would be repeated three to five generation on selected days of the week. At the end of this routine students should be able to read the text independently. (Reading Fluency, 2002) Tape-assisted ReadingThis activity follows a different method. Students are vatical to read from their books while they hear and follow a fluent reader read the text from the book o n an audiotape. For this activity to be a achiever the recorded voice should be reading the text at about 80-100 words per minutes. Each student must have his/her copy of the novel in front of him/her and the recorded voice should be loud and audible. To start with, student should point along the text with his finger while listening to the recorded voice.After this practice the student must read out the text aloud with the tape. Reading the text loud with the tape must continue until the student gains fluency and can read the material without the support of the recorded voice. Fluency is important in readind as it allows the particiants to groud words together and focus more on their meanning rather than decoding the text. On the other hand less fluet readers direct more attention towards word recognition than comprehension of the given text.The above mentioned exercise is thus aimed at easing the hesitation in reading. (Fluency, 2001) Partner Reading Partner reading is an activi ty which involves a couple of students taking turns to read the text aloud to each other. This would turn out to be an effective reading practice in which fluent readers can be paired with less fluent ones. The less fluent reader will use the fluent readers style of expression as a model and learn quickly. The better arch(prenominal) reader provides help to the weak reader with word recognition and assists him in the process.Another approach to partner reading is check list reading where both the partners are given checklists. After explaining the students how they can change the pitch of their voice to make it more realistic, each students is asked to read out the passage to their respective partners thrice following the above instructions. At the end each students submits a report regarding their partners fluency which can be improved upon in the undermentioned session. (Murray) Readers theatre Readers theatre involves students rehearsing and performing a play for their fellow s tudents and friends.Characters from the novel can be assigned to different students who can then act out the play by reading from their individual scripts derived from the novel. The Cay will be a suitable book for this practice as it is rich in dialogues. This assortment of activity makes reading more appealing and enhances fluency by providing students with the opportunity to interact with their peers on a different level.References Fluency & Learning to Read Reading Fluency. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 2008, from http//www. time4learning.com/readingpyramid/fluency. htm Fluency. (2001). Retrieved July 2008, from Reading Rockets http//www. readingrockets. org/teaching/reading101/fluency Murray, D. B. (n. d. ). Developing Reading Fluency. Retrieved July 2008, from http//www. auburn. edu/%7Emurraba/ Polette, N. (1995). The Cay by Theodore Taylor. Retrieved July 2008, from http//www. nancypolette. com/LitGuides/cay. pdf Reading Fluency. (2002). Retrieved July 2008, from http//readingse rver. edb. utexas. edu/downloads/primary/guides/Fluency_Presentation. PDF